On the desk today  ·  Verisk Analytics

Before any insurer sets a premium, it checks this company's database. There is no second source.

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The Number Underneath

Every Insurance Premium

In 1971, the American property and casualty insurance industry had a problem. Every insurer needed to know the same thing — how much does it cost, on average, to insure a house in a given zip code? How much do car accidents cost in a given state? How often do pipes burst in buildings built before 1960? Each company was trying to answer these questions on its own, with its own data, filed separately with its own state regulators. It was expensive, redundant, and slow.

So the industry did something unusual. It pooled its data. Hundreds of insurance companies joined together to form an organization called Insurance Services Office — ISO — in Jersey City, New Jersey. ISO would collect claims, loss, and premium data from every participating insurer, aggregate it, calculate actuarial loss costs, and file the results with state regulators. Every insurer could then use ISO's numbers as the starting point for setting its own premiums.

Fifty-five years later, that database has 34.5 billion statistical records. The organization that built it went public in 2009 under a new name — Verisk Analytics. And virtually every property and casualty insurance premium in America still starts with the number Verisk provides.

I renewed my homeowners insurance last month. The premium went up — not by a little. I called the agent. She explained that loss costs in my zip code had increased. I asked where the loss cost data came from. She paused. "ISO," she said. I asked if there was an alternative. There isn't.

Most people have never heard of Verisk Analytics. But if you pay for homeowners insurance, auto insurance, or commercial property coverage — and you do — the premium you pay was calculated using Verisk's data. Not built on top of it. Built from it. The loss cost is the foundation. Everything else — the insurer's margin, the agent's commission, your deductible — sits on top of a number that Verisk owns.

The company traces its roots to that 1971 consolidation of regional and national rating bureaus into ISO. For decades, it operated as a not-for-profit industry utility. Then in 2008, ISO formed Verisk Analytics as a for-profit holding company. In October 2009, it went public on the Nasdaq, raising $1.9 billion. Since then, it has acquired about 40 businesses — including AIR Worldwide, the leader in catastrophe modeling — and divested its energy and financial services segments to become a pure-play insurance analytics company.

In fiscal 2025, Verisk reported $3.07 billion in revenue — up 6.6% from the year before. Operating income reached $1.34 billion. Adjusted EBITDA hit $1.73 billion at a 56% margin. Free cash flow surged 29.5% to $1.19 billion. The company employs approximately 8,000 people. It serves virtually every property and casualty insurer in the United States. And the database underneath it all — 34.5 billion records, built over more than five decades — cannot be replicated.

$3.07B

Revenue, FY2025 — up 6.6% year over year

34.5B

Statistical records in the loss cost database

~56%

Adjusted EBITDA margin, FY2025

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That 34.5 billion number is the moat. Every claim paid by every participating insurer for over five decades has been fed into this database. Every flood. Every fire. Every car accident. Every burst pipe. The data tells insurers not just what happened, but how much it cost, where it happened, and how often. No competitor can assemble this from scratch. You would need fifty years and the cooperation of hundreds of insurance companies — the same companies that already contribute their data to Verisk.

The pricing power is structural and invisible. Verisk doesn't set insurance premiums. It provides the loss cost — the actuarial estimate of what claims will cost in a given territory for a given type of risk. Insurers then add their own expenses and profit margin on top. But the foundation is Verisk's number. When Verisk updates its loss cost filings — which it does continuously, in every state — premiums across the industry shift. The company also provides more than 30,000 court-tested policy forms that insurers use as standardized contract language. If you have read the fine print on your insurance policy, you have read words that Verisk wrote.

Lee Shavel — who became CEO in 2022 — said it plainly in the fourth-quarter 2025 earnings release: "Verisk delivered a solid fourth quarter result, capping off another year of growth in line with our long-term financial targets. With our industry expertise, client relationships and deep integrations and proprietary and unmatched data sets, we are uniquely positioned to create value for the industry and shareholders."

The flywheel compounds through integration. Every insurer that uses Verisk's loss costs also uses its policy forms. Many use its catastrophe models — AIR Worldwide, which Verisk acquired in 2002, is the industry standard for estimating hurricane, earthquake, and flood losses. Many use its property data — Verisk maintains detailed records on 15.9 million commercial and residential properties. Each product layer makes the next one stickier. An insurer running its entire underwriting process on Verisk's data, forms, models, and analytics would need to rebuild every workflow from the ground up to leave. In fiscal 2025, free cash flow grew 29.5% to $1.19 billion. The company converted nearly 39% of its revenue directly into free cash flow. The data keeps growing. The subscriptions keep renewing. The foundation keeps compounding.

WHY THIS WORKS

  1. The loss cost database has no substitute. 34.5 billion statistical records collected over 55 years from hundreds of insurers. No competitor can replicate the data, and no insurer can price risk without it.

  2. Regulatory entrenchment. State insurance regulators accept ISO's loss cost filings as the basis for rate-making. The data is woven into the regulatory process itself. Replacing it would require regulatory approval in every state.

  3. Subscription model on a captive base. Virtually every P&C insurer in America is a Verisk customer. Revenue is recurring, subscription-based, and grows as insurers add more Verisk products into their workflows.

  4. 56% EBITDA margins on data that already exists. Once the database is built, the cost of serving one more insurer is close to zero. Every new dollar of revenue falls almost entirely to profit.

Verisk started as a not-for-profit industry utility — an organization the insurance industry built to serve itself. In 2009, it went public. Today it earns 56-cent margins on every dollar of revenue and generates $1.19 billion in free cash flow. The insurers who created it are now its paying customers. The data they contributed is now its proprietary asset. And the loss costs they need to set every premium in America come from a company they can no longer live without. The utility became the toll booth. The industry built its own cage.

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